Technology Starts the Race. Ecosystems Decide the Winner.
Ron Adner mapped the ecosystem. Richard Foster mapped the curve. Read together, they see what neither sees alone.
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Shimano: Freewheeling
He chose the freewheel—not the frame, wheel or saddle—the hardest component to manufacture well. The logic was simple: the most difficult part gives you the right to make everything around it. Quality, price and service became the founding creed.
The Hidden Economics of Ecosystem Lock-In
The strategy behind Shimano’s ~70% share, Apple’s 2.5 billion devices and Nespresso’s resilience after patents expired is the same: ecosystem lock-in. It creates real advantage, but rarely a permanent one. John Deere’s FTC fight shows where that advantage can go too far.
Toyota: The Machine Nobody Could Copy — Until It Had to Copy Itself
For seventy-five years, Toyota's operating system has been studied, copied, and celebrated, yet never truly replicated. Today, certification scandals, a ¥6 trillion buyout, China's rapid rise, and new leadership test whether Toyota can carry that system into electrification and the next generation.
The Metrics That Lie: Why Measurement Decays, and What Holds It in Place
"What gets measured gets managed" is management's most repeated—and most misunderstood—phrase. Every metric is a proxy for a value, and every proxy drifts as it is optimized. The executive's task is not choosing metrics but continually realigning them with the purpose they were meant to serve.